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结论
在沿海栖息地环境条件波动，在所有少数现存调查中，与恒定条件相比，在存在波动的情况下，目标物种受到不同的影响。 无视凯发app官网登录研究中的自然波动，加上凯发app官网登录通常的实验方法的其他局限性（图 1），会大大削弱凯发app官网登录见解的相关性。 毫无疑问，凯发app官网登录收集了大量关于海洋急性酸化影响的信息。 为了将这些整理成一幅连贯而真实的图片，凯发app官网登录需要：(1) 将这些知识输入到描述性模型中，以及 (2) 进行更全面的多因素或多变量调查，包括频率和幅度自然尺度的驱动波动。 在可能的情况下，此类调查应足够长，以便适应或适应目标物种、它们相关的微生物组以及它们与社区中其他物种的相互作用。 一种有希望的方法是对中宇宙系统中的海洋酸化（或许多其他生态问题）进行调查，正如斯图尔特等人所请求的那样。 (2013) 和加图索等人。 (2014)。 例如，一年多来，凯发app官网登录在一系列大型中世界（'Kiel Benthocosms'：图 6）中进行了一项关于近自然条件下全球变化效应的实验。 该社区是一个膀胱残骸组合，包括大型藻类、它们的微型和大型表皮生物、中食草动物、海星、贻贝、鱼类，它们以自然比例移植到底栖动物中。 驱动因素（温度、酸化、营养、缺氧）作为增量处理应用，即作为环境条件的附加物。 delta 处理的值对应于直到 2100 年均值变化的预测——只要这种预测存在于区域尺度。 由底栖动物群落的新陈代谢和基尔峡湾（德国）水的生物学和水文学驱动的波动，以贯穿模式喂养底栖动物，是自由承认的。 实验持续时间涵盖所有季节。 反应是在物种和群落层面进行记录的，从而整合了不同个体发育阶段、不同物种及其相互转移的水平的反应。 通过这种方法，凯发app官网登录希望提高凯发app官网登录了解全球变化如何影响自然环境中的物种、由这些物种组成的群落以及它们提供的生态系统服务的能力。 尽管这些底栖动物在概念上相当先进，但它们仍然有其局限性。 因此，某些生物，例如翼足类、鱼类和海带，由于尚不清楚的原因，只能保持良好的生理状态3-6 个月。 必须控制或考虑“壁效应”，即微生物群和丝状藻类的生长增强。 微观世界的实验室实验对于阐明单一和孤立的影响始终很重要，而现场实验可用于验证底栖动物的结果。 所有三种方法的互补使用，强调创新的中观系统，允许多因素处理、多物种响应和自然波动的结合，对于实现对沿海栖息地未来 OA 影响的现实认识是必要的。
图 6. Kiel Benthocosms：在两种温度状态（环境为 D08，温暖或“未来”为 D?58C）和两种酸化状态（低 pCO2 或“环境”在 400 matm（浅灰色下曲线）下的波动 Delta pH 处理；底栖动物带帽顶空处的高 pCO2 或“未来”为 1100 matm（深灰色上部曲线））。 快速振荡（由垂直黑线表示的高 pCO2 状态的振幅）是生物信号，可归因于底栖动物群落光合作用和呼吸的昼夜节律变化。 黑色虚线表示基尔峡湾 pH 值的季节性下降。 双头箭头表示顶空 pCO2 处理对底栖动物 pH 值的影响。 尽管在顶部空间空气的 pCO2 增强中应用了相同的处理强度，但这意味着较低温度下的 pH 值差异较小。 pH 值的生物源昼夜波动在较冷的区域也具有较小的幅度。
如果没有将凯发app官网登录的实验方法升级到更复杂和更“真实”的水平，凯发app官网登录就会陷入一个德国笑话中描述的情况：一个男人在晚上在路灯下寻找丢失的钥匙。 一位乐于助人的路人很快加入了他的努力。 经过 30 分钟的搜索未果，帮手问这位不幸的人是否真的确定他在这个地方丢失了他的钥匙。 那人回答说：“不，不，我在街角丢了它们，但那里没有路灯，在这里凯发app官网登录可以看到的地方搜索要方便得多”。
致谢 凯发app官网登录非常感谢 Christopher Cornwall（澳大利亚珀斯大学）对本文早期版本的宝贵意见。 两位匿名审稿人和编辑史蒂夫霍金斯的评论和建议极大地改进了本文的实质和风格。 凯发app官网登录非常感谢他们的努力。
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